Solar radiation, emitted from the sun, is the fundamental energy source that drives Earth's climate system.

Infrared radiation, with wavelengths longer than visible light, carries the majority of the energy that heats Earth's surface.

Solar insolation refers to the amount of solar radiation received at a given location on Earth's surface.

Latitude is the primary factor influencing the amount of solar radiation received, with regions closer to the equator receiving more direct sunlight.

Albedo represents the reflectivity of Earth's surface and atmosphere, determining how much solar radiation is reflected back into space.

Absorbed solar radiation, primarily by Earth's surface and atmosphere, is the main contributor to atmospheric warming.

Net radiation represents the balance between incoming and reflected solar radiation, determining the amount of energy available for heating Earth's surface and atmosphere.

Convection, the transfer of heat through the movement of fluids, is the dominant mechanism for transferring heat from Earth's surface to the atmosphere.

Terrestrial radiation refers to the longwave radiation emitted by Earth's surface and atmosphere, contributing to the planet's energy balance.

Carbon dioxide is the primary greenhouse gas responsible for absorbing terrestrial radiation and contributing to the greenhouse effect, trapping heat in Earth's atmosphere.

Energy balance refers to the equilibrium between incoming solar radiation and outgoing longwave radiation, determining the overall energy budget of Earth's climate system.

Temperature is the primary factor influencing the amount of terrestrial radiation emitted by Earth's surface, with warmer surfaces emitting more longwave radiation.

Radiation is the primary process by which Earth's surface releases heat, emitting infrared radiation into the atmosphere.

Outgoing longwave radiation, emitted by Earth's surface and atmosphere, is the primary mechanism for cooling the planet, releasing heat into space.

Advection refers to the transfer of heat through the movement of air or water, transporting heat from one region to another.