Auguste Comte is widely regarded as the father of sociology for his pioneering work in establishing the discipline as a distinct field of study.

Functionalist theory emphasizes the importance of social order and stability, viewing society as a system of interconnected parts that work together to maintain equilibrium.

Emile Durkheim introduced the concept of social solidarity, distinguishing between mechanical solidarity (based on shared values and beliefs) and organic solidarity (based on interdependence and specialization).

Symbolic interactionism focuses on the role of symbols and language in shaping human interaction and meaning-making, emphasizing the subjective experiences and interpretations of individuals.

Max Weber's theory of social action emphasizes the subjective meanings and intentions of individuals, arguing that social action is shaped by cultural values and beliefs.

Conflict theory focuses on the role of power and inequality in society, arguing that social conflict arises from the unequal distribution of resources and power among different groups.

Pierre Bourdieu's concept of habitus refers to the system of dispositions and practices that shape individuals' thoughts, feelings, and actions, influenced by their social position and cultural background.

Feminist theory focuses on the role of gender in shaping social relations and institutions, highlighting the experiences and perspectives of women and challenging gender-based inequalities.

Anthony Giddens' theory of structuration emphasizes the interplay between structure and agency, arguing that social structures both shape and are shaped by human action.

Postmodern theory challenges the idea of objective truth and universal knowledge, emphasizing the role of power and discourse in shaping our understanding of the world.

Jurgen Habermas' theory of communicative action emphasizes the role of dialogue and rational argumentation in reaching consensus and resolving social conflicts.

Critical theory aims to critique existing power structures and social inequalities, advocating for social change and emancipation.

Pierre Bourdieu's concept of reflexivity refers to the ability of individuals to reflect on their own social position and the social forces that shape their actions and experiences.

Post-structuralism focuses on the deconstruction of language and discourse, challenging the idea of fixed meanings and emphasizing the role of power and ideology in shaping our understanding of the world.

Michel Foucault's concept of governmentality refers to the ways in which power is exercised through various techniques and strategies, shaping the conduct of individuals and populations.