Richard I of England, also known as Richard the Lionheart, was a medieval monarch who ruled England from 1189 to 1199. He was known for his military prowess and his participation in the Third Crusade.

The Holy Roman Empire was a medieval monarchy that existed in Central Europe from the 10th to the 19th century. It was founded by Otto I, the first Holy Roman Emperor, in 962.

Justinian I, also known as Justinian the Great, was a Byzantine emperor who ruled from 527 to 565. He is known for his extensive building projects, including the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople.

The Kingdom of the Franks was a medieval monarchy that existed in Western Europe from the 5th to the 9th century. It was founded by Clovis I, the first Frankish king, in 481.

Louis IX of France, also known as Saint Louis, was a medieval monarch who ruled France from 1226 to 1270. He is known for his piety, his justice, and his role in the Seventh and Eighth Crusades.

The Byzantine Empire, also known as the Eastern Roman Empire, was a medieval monarchy that existed in Eastern Europe and the Mediterranean from the 4th to the 15th century. It was founded by Constantine the Great, the first Byzantine emperor, in 330.

Edward I of England, also known as Edward Longshanks, was a medieval monarch who ruled England from 1272 to 1307. He is known for his military victories against the Scots, which earned him the nickname 'Hammer of the Scots'.

The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was a medieval monarchy that existed in Southern Italy and Sicily from the 12th to the 19th century. It was founded by Roger II of Sicily, the first king of the Two Sicilies, in 1130.

Edward, Prince of Wales, also known as the Black Prince, was a medieval monarch who was the eldest son of Edward III of England. He is known for his military victories in the Hundred Years' War, including the Battle of Poitiers.

The Kingdom of Aragon was a medieval monarchy that existed in Northeastern Spain from the 10th to the 15th century. It was founded by Ramiro I of Aragon, the first king of Aragon, in 1035.

Joan of Arc, also known as the Fair Maid of Kent, was a French peasant girl who led the French army to victory in several battles during the Hundred Years' War. She was captured by the English and burned at the stake as a heretic in 1431.

The Kingdom of Castile was a medieval monarchy that existed in Central Spain from the 10th to the 15th century. It was founded by Ferdinand I of Castile, the first king of Castile, in 1035.

Frederick II of Hohenstaufen, also known as Frederick the Great, was a medieval monarch who ruled the Holy Roman Empire from 1220 to 1250. He is known for his legal reforms, his patronage of the arts and sciences, and his role in the Fifth Crusade.

The Kingdom of Portugal was a medieval monarchy that existed in the Iberian Peninsula from the 12th to the 19th century. It was founded by Afonso I of Portugal, the first king of Portugal, in 1139.

Henry VI of England, also known as the Winter King, was a medieval monarch who ruled England from 1422 to 1461 and again from 1470 to 1471. He is known for his mental illness and his role in the Wars of the Roses.