The primary function of law is to maintain social order and ensure justice by establishing rules and regulations that govern human behavior and interactions.

Natural Law Theory asserts that there are universal moral principles that exist independently of human laws and that a just legal system should be based on these principles, prioritizing individual rights and freedoms.

Legal Positivism posits that legal authority stems from the will of the sovereign, typically the state or its governing body, and that laws are valid solely because they are enacted by the sovereign.

Stare decisis is the principle of precedent in common law systems, where courts are bound to follow the decisions of higher courts in similar cases, ensuring consistency and predictability in legal outcomes.

Utilitarianism, proposed by philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill, advocates for actions that produce the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people, prioritizing overall societal well-being.

Legal positivism asserts that laws are valid solely because they are enacted by a sovereign authority, regardless of their moral or ethical content.

Actus reus refers to the physical act or conduct that constitutes a crime, as opposed to the mental state or intent of the offender (mens rea).

Deontology, often associated with philosophers like Immanuel Kant, emphasizes the importance of following moral principles and duties, regardless of the consequences of one's actions.

Strict liability refers to liability for an offense regardless of the offender's intent or negligence, typically applied in cases involving public safety or environmental protection.

Rawlsian Justice, proposed by philosopher John Rawls, emphasizes the importance of fairness and equality in the distribution of social and economic resources, aiming to create a just and equitable society.

Double jeopardy refers to the prohibition against trying a person twice for the same offense, protecting individuals from multiple prosecutions for the same crime.

Virtue Ethics, often associated with philosophers like Aristotle and Confucius, emphasizes the importance of developing virtues and moral character as the foundation of a just and ethical society.

Mens rea refers to the mental state of the offender at the time of committing a crime, including intent, knowledge, or recklessness.

Libertarianism, often associated with philosophers like Robert Nozick and Friedrich Hayek, emphasizes the importance of individual liberty and the right to make autonomous choices, with minimal government interference.

Res judicata is the principle that a final judgment in a case is binding on the parties and cannot be relitigated, preventing multiple lawsuits for the same cause of action.