The United Nations Charter

The International Court of Justice Statute

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties

The Articles on State Responsibility

Breach of an international obligation and damage

Wrongful act and causation

Attribution and reparation

Fault and negligence

A breach of an international obligation is always a wrongful act, but a wrongful act is not always a breach of an international obligation.

A wrongful act is always a breach of an international obligation, but a breach of an international obligation is not always a wrongful act.

There is no difference between a breach of an international obligation and a wrongful act.

Both options A and B are correct.

Restitution, compensation, and satisfaction

Restitution, compensation, and guarantees of non-repetition

Restitution, compensation, and apologies

Restitution, compensation, and punitive damages

A state is responsible for the acts of its organs and officials.

A state is responsible for the acts of its nationals.

A state is responsible for the acts of other states.

A state is responsible for the acts of international organizations.

Force majeure and distress

Necessity and self-defense

Consent and waiver

Estoppel and prescription

Necessity is a defense to a claim of state responsibility for an act that is otherwise wrongful, while self-defense is a defense to a claim of state responsibility for an act that is not otherwise wrongful.

Necessity is a defense to a claim of state responsibility for an act that is otherwise wrongful, while self-defense is a defense to a claim of state responsibility for an act that is not otherwise wrongful.

There is no difference between necessity and self-defense in state responsibility.

Both options A and B are correct.

The measures taken by a state in response to a breach of an international obligation must be proportionate to the seriousness of the breach.

The measures taken by a state in response to a breach of an international obligation must be proportionate to the damage caused by the breach.

The measures taken by a state in response to a breach of an international obligation must be proportionate to the resources of the state.

The measures taken by a state in response to a breach of an international obligation must be proportionate to the measures taken by the other state.

A state must not discriminate between its own nationals and the nationals of other states in the application of its laws and regulations.

A state must not discriminate between different groups of its own nationals in the application of its laws and regulations.

A state must not discriminate between different states in the application of its laws and regulations.

All of the above.

A state must exhaust all available domestic remedies before it can bring a claim against another state for a breach of an international obligation.

A state must exhaust all available domestic remedies before it can bring a claim against another state for a wrongful act.

A state must exhaust all available domestic remedies before it can bring a claim against another state for a breach of a treaty.

A state must exhaust all available domestic remedies before it can bring a claim against another state for a violation of human rights.

A state has the right to protect its nationals against injuries suffered in another state.

A state has the right to protect its nationals against injuries suffered in another state, even if the injuries are caused by the acts of that state.

A state has the right to protect its nationals against injuries suffered in another state, even if the injuries are caused by the acts of a private individual.

All of the above.

A state is immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of another state.

A state is immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of another state, even if the state has consented to the jurisdiction.

A state is immune from the jurisdiction of the courts of another state, even if the state has waived its immunity.

All of the above.

Commercial activities

Maritime torts

Personal injuries

All of the above.

A state has the right to exercise jurisdiction over crimes that are considered to be of universal concern, regardless of where the crimes were committed.

A state has the right to exercise jurisdiction over crimes that are considered to be of universal concern, even if the crimes were committed by its own nationals.

A state has the right to exercise jurisdiction over crimes that are considered to be of universal concern, even if the crimes were committed in another state.

All of the above.