The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, is a milestone document that sets out a broad range of fundamental human rights and freedoms.

Hersch Lauterpacht, a Polish-British jurist, is widely recognized as the father of modern human rights law for his pioneering work in the field.

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, adopted in 1976, is a comprehensive treaty that sets out a wide range of civil and political rights, including the right to life, freedom of expression, and the right to a fair trial.

The Civil Rights Movement was a period of major strife and social change in the United States, during which African Americans fought for equal rights and an end to racial segregation.

Mahatma Gandhi, also known as Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, was the preeminent leader of the Indian independence movement and a staunch advocate of nonviolent civil disobedience.

The release of Nelson Mandela from prison in 1990 marked a turning point in the struggle against apartheid in South Africa and paved the way for the country's transition to democracy.

The Convention against Torture, adopted in 1984, is an international treaty that prohibits torture and other cruel, inhuman, or degrading treatment or punishment.

The United Nations was established in 1945 to promote international cooperation and maintain international peace and security.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, adopted in 1979, is an international treaty that aims to eliminate discrimination against women in all its forms.

The Seneca Falls Convention, held in 1848, is widely considered to be the beginning of the women's suffrage movement in the United States.

The Convention on the Rights of the Child, adopted in 1989, is an international treaty that aims to protect the rights of children.

The Haymarket Affair, which took place in 1886, is often seen as the beginning of the labor movement in the United States.

The International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, adopted in 1976, is an international treaty that aims to promote economic, social, and cultural rights.

The publication of Silent Spring by Rachel Carson in 1962 is often seen as the beginning of the modern environmental movement.

The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, adopted in 2001, is an international treaty that aims to protect the environment and human health from hazardous chemicals.