Thomas Nagel introduced the term 'qualia' in his influential 1974 paper 'What Is It Like to Be a Bat?'

Phenomenal consciousness refers to the subjective, qualitative aspects of conscious experience, such as the taste of coffee or the feeling of pain.

Materialism is the philosophical theory that all reality is composed of matter and energy, and that consciousness is a product of the physical brain.

Panpsychism is the philosophical position that consciousness is a fundamental property of all matter, or even of the universe as a whole.

David Chalmers is a philosopher who has extensively argued that the existence of qualia poses a fundamental challenge to physicalism, known as the 'hard problem of consciousness.'

Eliminativism is the philosophical position that consciousness is an illusion, and that all mental phenomena, including qualia, can be explained in terms of physical processes.

John Searle's 'Chinese Room' argument is a thought experiment that challenges the idea that consciousness can be reduced to computational processes, as it shows that a computer program can follow the rules of a language without understanding it.

Enactivism is a philosophical position that emphasizes the role of the environment and the body in shaping consciousness, arguing that consciousness is a product of the interaction between the brain and the world.

Giulio Tononi is a neuroscientist and philosopher who proposed the 'Integrated Information Theory' of consciousness, which attempts to provide a quantitative measure of consciousness based on the level of integrated information in a system.

Emergentism is a philosophical position that argues that consciousness is a product of the self-organization of complex systems, such as the brain, and that it cannot be reduced to the properties of its individual components.

Bernard Baars is a neuroscientist and philosopher who proposed the 'Global Neuronal Workspace' theory of consciousness, which suggests that consciousness is a global workspace that integrates information from different parts of the brain.

Quantum Consciousness is a philosophical position that argues that consciousness is a product of the interaction between the brain and the quantum world, and that quantum phenomena may play a role in conscious experience.

David Rosenthal is a philosopher who proposed the 'Higher-Order Thought' theory of consciousness, which suggests that consciousness is a higher-order representation of one's own mental states.

Social Consciousness is a philosophical position that argues that consciousness is a product of the interaction between the brain and the social world, and that social factors play a role in shaping conscious experience.

Daniel Dennett is a philosopher who proposed the 'Attention Schema' theory of consciousness, which suggests that consciousness is a selective attentional process that focuses on certain aspects of experience.