John Stuart Mill, in his work 'Principles of Political Economy', advocated for government intervention to address social and economic inequalities and provide support to those in need.

Public policy aims to address societal issues, promote equality, and improve the well-being of citizens, thereby contributing to social justice.

Libertarianism advocates for minimal government intervention, emphasizing individual freedom, property rights, and limited state power.

Utilitarianism, particularly in its classical form, emphasizes maximizing overall happiness or utility as the primary goal of public policy, aiming to benefit the greatest number of people.

James Madison, in 'The Federalist Papers,' emphasized the need for a system of checks and balances to prevent the concentration of power in any single branch of government.

Distributive justice in public policy aims to ensure that resources, benefits, and burdens are distributed fairly and equitably among all members of society.

Collectivism prioritizes the collective well-being of society over individual interests, emphasizing cooperation and solidarity in achieving common goals.

Negative liberty refers to the absence of external constraints or hindrances that prevent individuals from acting as they choose.

Aristotle, in his work 'Politics,' emphasized the importance of the state in promoting the common good and achieving a just and virtuous society.

Regulatory policies aim to protect consumers from harmful products or practices, ensure fair competition, and promote transparency and accountability in the marketplace.

Libertarianism places a high value on individual liberty, autonomy, and the right to make personal choices without interference from the state.

Social welfare policies aim to address societal issues such as poverty, inequality, and social exclusion by providing support and assistance to vulnerable populations.

James Madison, in 'The Federalist Papers,' emphasized the need for constitutional protections to safeguard the rights of minorities and prevent the concentration of power in the hands of the majority.

Environmental policies aim to protect and preserve the natural environment, address pollution and climate change, and promote sustainable resource management.

Collectivism prioritizes the collective well-being of society over individual interests, emphasizing cooperation and solidarity in achieving common goals.