Balance is a sense that helps us maintain our equilibrium and orientation in space, but it is not considered a basic sensory modality like vision, hearing, taste, and smell.

Transduction is the initial step in sensory processing, where specialized cells called sensory receptors transform physical stimuli into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the nervous system.

The absolute threshold refers to the minimum intensity of a stimulus that can be detected by a sensory receptor, allowing us to distinguish it from no stimulus at all.

Sensory adaptation is the process by which sensory receptors become less responsive to constant or unchanging stimuli over time, allowing us to focus on new or changing stimuli.

Weber's law states that the JND is a constant proportion of the original stimulus, meaning that the amount of change required to detect a difference is proportional to the intensity of the original stimulus.

Fechner's law states that the perceived intensity of a stimulus is proportional to the logarithm of its physical intensity, suggesting a logarithmic relationship between the two.

Perception involves the active organization and interpretation of sensory information to form meaningful representations of the environment, allowing us to understand and interact with the world around us.

Gestalt psychology emphasizes the importance of perceiving objects as organized wholes rather than as individual elements, focusing on the principles of perceptual organization and the tendency to perceive meaningful patterns.

Depth perception allows us to perceive the relative distance and depth of objects in the environment, enabling us to navigate and interact with our surroundings effectively.

Size constancy refers to the ability to perceive objects as having a consistent size despite changes in their distance from the observer, allowing us to recognize objects regardless of their location.

Shape constancy allows us to perceive objects as having a consistent shape despite changes in their orientation or viewpoint, helping us to recognize objects from different perspectives.

Color constancy enables us to perceive objects as having a consistent color despite changes in lighting conditions, allowing us to recognize objects under different lighting.

Motion perception allows us to detect and interpret the movement of objects in the environment, enabling us to track objects, avoid obstacles, and interact with moving objects effectively.

Sensory integration involves combining information from different sensory modalities, such as vision, hearing, and touch, to create a unified and coherent perception of the environment.

Spatial localization allows us to perceive the location of objects in space relative to our own position, enabling us to navigate and interact with our surroundings effectively.