Panini was an ancient Indian grammarian who lived in the 4th century BC. He is considered the father of phonetics because of his work on the Sanskrit language, which included a detailed analysis of its sounds.

Phonology is the study of the sound system of a language, including the way that sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.

A phoneme is the smallest unit of sound in a language that can distinguish one word from another.

An allophone is a sound that is a variant of a phoneme, and which occurs in a particular phonetic context.

A syllable is a group of sounds that form a single unit of pronunciation, and which typically consists of a vowel sound and one or more consonant sounds.

A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning in a language, and which can be a word, a prefix, a suffix, or an infix.

Semantics is the study of the relationship between sounds and meaning, and which includes the study of the meaning of words, phrases, and sentences.

Pragmatics is the study of the relationship between language and its social context, and which includes the study of how language is used in different situations.

Historical linguistics is the study of the history of language, and which includes the study of how languages have changed over time.

Comparative linguistics is the study of the relationship between different languages, and which includes the study of how languages are related to each other and how they have evolved over time.

Synchronic linguistics is the study of language at a particular point in time, and which includes the study of the sound system, grammar, and vocabulary of a language at that time.

Diachronic linguistics is the study of language change over time, and which includes the study of how the sound system, grammar, and vocabulary of a language have changed over time.

Sociolinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and culture, and which includes the study of how language is used in different social contexts and how it reflects the culture of a society.

Psycholinguistics is the study of the relationship between language and the mind, and which includes the study of how language is processed and produced by the brain.

Computational linguistics is the study of the relationship between language and computers, and which includes the study of how computers can be used to process and generate language.