The wave-particle duality of matter is a fundamental principle of quantum mechanics, stating that particles can exhibit both wave-like and particle-like properties.

Einstein's equation, E=mc^2, expresses the equivalence of mass and energy, where E is energy, m is mass, and c is the speed of light.

Time dilation is a phenomenon in which time passes slower for an observer moving relative to another observer, as predicted by the special theory of relativity.

Gluons are the elementary particles that mediate the strong nuclear force, which binds protons and neutrons together in atomic nuclei.

Charge, mass, and spin are fundamental properties of elementary particles that determine their interactions and behavior.

Quantum field theory is a theoretical framework that describes the interactions of elementary particles and fields, providing a unified description of all fundamental forces.

The Standard Model of particle physics predicts the existence of the Higgs boson, which was experimentally confirmed in 2012.

Quantum superposition is a phenomenon in which particles can exist in multiple states simultaneously, until they are measured or observed.

The uncertainty principle states that certain pairs of physical properties, such as position and momentum, cannot be known with perfect accuracy simultaneously.

Quantum tunneling is a phenomenon in which particles can tunnel through a potential barrier even if they do not have enough energy to overcome it, due to the wave-like nature of matter.

The Pauli exclusion principle states that no two electrons can occupy the same quantum state in an atom, which is responsible for the structure of the periodic table.

Quantum entanglement is a phenomenon in which particles can become entangled, such that the state of one particle is instantaneously affected by the state of the other, even if they are separated by a large distance.

The cosmological principle states that the universe is homogeneous and isotropic on a large scale, and that it is expanding and accelerating.

The Big Bang theory is the prevailing cosmological model for the universe from the earliest known periods through its present expansion and cooling.

The Big Bang theory predicts the existence of the cosmic microwave background radiation, dark matter, and dark energy.