Complexity Theory is the study of the inherent difficulty of computational problems, focusing on the time and space resources required to solve them.

The complexity class P consists of problems that can be solved in polynomial time, meaning the time taken to solve the problem grows polynomially with the size of the input.

The complexity class NP consists of problems that can be verified in polynomial time, meaning that given a solution to the problem, it can be checked in polynomial time whether the solution is correct.

The Traveling Salesman Problem is NP-Complete, meaning it is one of the hardest problems in the NP class. It involves finding the shortest possible route for a salesman to visit a set of cities and return to the starting city.

NP-Complete problems are always NP-Hard, meaning that any problem that is NP-Hard can be reduced to an NP-Complete problem in polynomial time.

The P versus NP Problem is one of the most famous unsolved problems in Complexity Theory. It asks whether every problem in NP can be solved in polynomial time.

The brute-force algorithm for finding the maximum element in an array of n elements has a time complexity of O(n), as it needs to examine each element in the array.

Merge Sort has an average-case time complexity of O(n log n), making it one of the most efficient sorting algorithms.

The binary search algorithm has a time complexity of O(log n), as it repeatedly divides the search space in half until the element is found or the search space is empty.

Monte Carlo Algorithm is an example of a non-deterministic algorithm, as it uses randomness to solve problems and may not always produce the same output for the same input.

The Floyd-Warshall algorithm has a time complexity of O(n^3), as it needs to consider all pairs of vertices and all possible paths between them.

The Subset Sum Problem is an example of a problem that is NP-Hard but not known to be NP-Complete. It involves determining whether there exists a subset of a given set of numbers that sums up to a target value.

The brute-force algorithm for finding the minimum spanning tree of a graph has a time complexity of O(n^3), as it needs to consider all possible spanning trees and choose the one with the minimum weight.

Primality Testing is an example of a problem that is in both NP and co-NP. It involves determining whether a given number is prime or composite.

The randomized algorithm for finding the maximum element in an array of n elements has a time complexity of O(n), as it needs to examine each element in the array.