Walls are not considered primary structural elements in a building as they primarily serve as partitions or enclosures, rather than carrying significant structural loads.

Beams are primarily designed to resist bending moments, which are caused by external loads acting on the beam.

Reinforced concrete structures utilize concrete as the primary material, with steel reinforcement embedded within the concrete to enhance its tensile strength.

The primary function of a foundation is to provide support to the structure and transfer its weight to the underlying soil or rock.

Moment-resisting frames are commonly used in high-rise buildings due to their ability to resist lateral loads, such as wind and seismic forces, through the bending of structural members.

Dead load refers to the permanent weight of the building, including the weight of structural elements, finishes, and fixed equipment.

Lintels are structural elements placed above openings in walls to support the weight of the wall and any loads acting on it.

Shear walls are structural elements designed to resist lateral forces, such as wind and seismic loads, by transferring these forces to the foundation.

Live load refers to the variable and temporary loads acting on a building, such as the weight of occupants, furniture, and movable equipment.

Pile foundations are commonly used for buildings on soft or unstable soil as they transfer the building's weight to deeper, more stable soil layers.

The primary purpose of a roof is to protect the building from external elements such as rain, sunlight, and wind.

Columns are vertical structural elements that transfer loads from upper floors or the roof to the foundation.

Wind load refers to the force exerted by wind on a building, which can cause lateral forces and stresses on the structure.

Mat foundations are commonly used for buildings with a large footprint and evenly distributed loads as they provide uniform support to the entire structure.

The primary purpose of a staircase is to provide a means of access between different levels of a building.