Social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups between different social classes, either upward or downward.

While race can be a factor that influences social mobility, it is not a factor that is universally applicable to all societies.

Upward social mobility refers to the process by which individuals or groups move up the social ladder, either through their own efforts or through the efforts of their parents.

Upward social mobility refers to the process by which individuals or groups move up the social ladder. In this case, the child of a working-class family becoming a doctor is an example of upward social mobility.

Downward social mobility refers to the process by which individuals or groups move down the social ladder, either through their own actions or through the actions of others.

Downward social mobility refers to the process by which individuals or groups move down the social ladder. In this case, the child of a wealthy family becoming a teacher is an example of downward social mobility.

Horizontal social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups between different social classes within the same generation.

Horizontal social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups between different social classes within the same generation. In this case, the child of a middle-class family becoming a lawyer is an example of horizontal social mobility.

Intergenerational social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups between different social classes across generations.

Intergenerational social mobility refers to the movement of individuals or groups between different social classes across generations. In this case, the child of a working-class family becoming a doctor is an example of intergenerational social mobility.

Social stratification refers to the process by which individuals or groups are assigned to different social classes based on their economic resources, social status, and cultural capital.

While education can be a factor that contributes to social stratification, it is not a universal factor that is applicable to all societies.

Social inequality refers to the unequal distribution of resources, opportunities, and rewards in a society.

While cultural inequality can be a factor that contributes to social inequality, it is not a universal form of social inequality that is applicable to all societies.

Social change refers to the process by which societies change over time.