Cartography is the art and science of creating maps, which are symbolic representations of geographic features.

The Greeks, particularly Eratosthenes of Cyrene, made significant contributions to the development of latitude and longitude.

Latitude lines run parallel to the equator and measure distance north or south of it.

Ferdinand Magellan led the first expedition to circumnavigate the globe, although he himself did not complete the journey.

The sextant is an instrument used to measure the angle between the horizon and a celestial body, which is essential for navigation.

The Mercator projection is widely used for navigation due to its ability to represent rhumb lines as straight lines.

The Prime Meridian is the imaginary line that runs through Greenwich, England, and divides the Earth into the Eastern and Western Hemispheres.

The polar stereographic projection is commonly used for representing areas near the poles due to its ability to maintain shapes and distances.

The compass is an instrument used to determine the direction of magnetic north, which is essential for navigation.

Abraham Ortelius is credited with creating the first modern atlas, titled 'Theatrum Orbis Terrarum', in 1570.

Contour lines are imaginary lines that connect points of equal elevation above sea level, providing a representation of the topography of an area.

The cylindrical equidistant projection is commonly used for representing large areas due to its ability to maintain distances along parallels and meridians.

The log line is an instrument used to measure the speed of a ship through water.

Vasco da Gama is credited with discovering the sea route to India around the Cape of Good Hope.

The Equator is the imaginary line that divides the Earth into the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.