Graph theory, with its focus on nodes and edges, provides a powerful framework for representing and analyzing social networks, allowing researchers to study patterns of relationships, connectivity, and influence.

The concept of equilibrium in mathematics, particularly in game theory, has been extensively used in economics to analyze market dynamics and determine prices. It helps economists understand how rational agents interact strategically in competitive markets.

Statistics, with its focus on data collection, analysis, and interpretation, is a fundamental tool in social science research. It allows researchers to draw meaningful conclusions from large datasets, identify patterns, and test hypotheses.

Optimization techniques from mathematics have been applied in social choice theory to determine the most efficient allocation of resources among competing alternatives, considering various constraints and preferences.

Chaos theory, with its focus on nonlinear dynamics and sensitive dependence on initial conditions, has been used to study complex social systems, such as population dynamics, economic fluctuations, and the spread of information.

Probability theory provides a framework for modeling random events and outcomes, allowing social scientists to analyze phenomena such as voting behavior, consumer choices, and the spread of diseases.

Matrix algebra, with its focus on matrices and linear transformations, is a powerful tool for representing and analyzing social structures, such as networks, organizations, and power dynamics.

Game theory, with its focus on strategic decision-making in competitive situations, has been used in political science to analyze interactions among political actors, such as parties, candidates, and interest groups.

Graph theory, with its focus on nodes and edges, provides a powerful framework for representing and analyzing social networks, allowing researchers to study patterns of information diffusion, influence, and connectivity.

The concept of rationality in mathematics, particularly in decision theory, has been used in economics to model consumer behavior and preferences, assuming that individuals make rational choices based on their preferences and constraints.

Content analysis, with its focus on systematic and objective analysis of textual, visual, or audio data, is a valuable tool in social science research for understanding meanings, themes, and patterns in qualitative data.

The concept of symmetry in mathematics, particularly in group theory, has been used in social science research to study social equality and discrimination, examining how different social groups are treated differently based on their characteristics.

Game theory, with its focus on strategic decision-making in competitive situations, has been used to study voting systems and electoral behavior, analyzing how voters and candidates interact strategically to maximize their outcomes.

The concept of infinity in mathematics has been used in social science research to model unbounded social phenomena and processes, such as the growth of populations, the spread of information, and the evolution of social networks.