Urban heat islands are primarily caused by the presence of impervious surfaces, such as roads, sidewalks, and buildings, which absorb and retain heat from the sun, leading to higher temperatures.

Promoting compact development, which involves creating denser and more walkable urban areas, can help reduce heat island effects by minimizing the amount of impervious surfaces and increasing vegetation.

Vegetation, such as trees and plants, absorbs heat from the sun through photosynthesis, helping to cool the surrounding environment and reduce heat island effects.

Green roofs and walls, which involve incorporating vegetation into building structures, help reduce heat island effects by providing shade, absorbing heat, and releasing moisture through evapotranspiration.

Urban planning and design strategies aimed at addressing heat islands focus on creating sustainable and livable communities by reducing heat island effects, improving air quality, and promoting walkability and energy efficiency.

New Urbanism is an urban planning approach that promotes mixed-use development, walkability, and compact urban form, which can help reduce heat island effects and create more sustainable communities.

Reducing building energy consumption, particularly the use of air conditioning, can help mitigate heat islands by decreasing the amount of waste heat released into the urban environment.

Tree-lined streets provide shade, reduce heat island effects, and improve air quality by absorbing pollutants and releasing oxygen.

Increasing albedo, particularly by using light-colored materials for roofs and pavements, helps reflect more heat back into the atmosphere, reducing heat island effects.

Green infrastructure involves creating green corridors, parks, and other natural areas to connect different parts of a city, providing ecological benefits and helping to reduce heat island effects.

Promoting walkability and public transportation reduces air pollution and traffic congestion, which can contribute to mitigating heat island effects.

Green roofs and walls help reduce the amount of heat absorbed by buildings by providing insulation and shade, contributing to mitigating heat island effects.

Increasing vegetation in urban areas helps reduce heat island effects by absorbing heat from the sun and releasing moisture through evapotranspiration, which cools the surrounding environment.

New Urbanism is an urban planning strategy that promotes compact and mixed-use neighborhoods, walkability, and sustainable development, which can help reduce heat island effects.

Reducing the urban-rural temperature difference helps mitigate heat island effects by reducing the need for air conditioning, which in turn reduces energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions.