The primary responsibility of national governments in humanitarian law is to protect civilians from the effects of armed conflict. This includes taking measures to prevent or mitigate the impact of armed conflict on civilians, such as providing shelter, food, and medical care.

National governments have a number of specific obligations under humanitarian law, including the obligation to respect and ensure respect for humanitarian law, to take all feasible measures to prevent or end violations of humanitarian law, to investigate and prosecute war crimes, and to provide humanitarian assistance to victims of armed conflict.

National governments have a number of roles to play in promoting compliance with humanitarian law, including enacting and enforcing domestic legislation that implements humanitarian law, providing training to military and law enforcement personnel on humanitarian law, raising awareness of humanitarian law among the general public, and cooperating with other states in promoting compliance with humanitarian law.

National governments face a number of challenges in implementing humanitarian law, including lack of resources, political instability, armed conflict, and the need to balance the demands of humanitarian law with other national interests.

National governments can overcome the challenges they face in implementing humanitarian law by working with other states and international organizations, by providing training to military and law enforcement personnel on humanitarian law, by raising awareness of humanitarian law among the general public, and by enacting and enforcing domestic legislation that implements humanitarian law.

National governments have a role to play in investigating and prosecuting war crimes committed by their own nationals, by nationals of other states, and in cooperation with other states.

National governments face a number of challenges in investigating and prosecuting war crimes, including lack of resources, political pressure, lack of cooperation from other states, and the need to balance the demands of justice with other national interests.

National governments can overcome the challenges they face in investigating and prosecuting war crimes by working with other states and international organizations, by providing training to law enforcement and judicial personnel on war crimes, by raising awareness of war crimes among the general public, and by enacting and enforcing domestic legislation that implements the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court.

National governments have a role to play in providing humanitarian assistance to victims of armed conflict, including providing food, water, and shelter, providing medical care, and providing psychological support.

National governments face a number of challenges in providing humanitarian assistance to victims of armed conflict, including lack of resources, insecurity, lack of access to victims, and the need to balance the demands of humanitarian assistance with other national interests.

National governments can overcome the challenges they face in providing humanitarian assistance to victims of armed conflict by working with other states and international organizations, by providing training to humanitarian aid workers, by raising awareness of the needs of victims of armed conflict among the general public, and by enacting and enforcing domestic legislation that facilitates the provision of humanitarian assistance.

National governments have a role to play in promoting compliance with international humanitarian law by enacting and enforcing domestic legislation that implements international humanitarian law, by providing training to military and law enforcement personnel on international humanitarian law, and by raising awareness of international humanitarian law among the general public.

National governments face a number of challenges in promoting compliance with international humanitarian law, including lack of resources, political pressure, lack of cooperation from other states, and the need to balance the demands of international humanitarian law with other national interests.

National governments can overcome the challenges they face in promoting compliance with international humanitarian law by working with other states and international organizations, by providing training to military and law enforcement personnel on international humanitarian law, by raising awareness of international humanitarian law among the general public, and by enacting and enforcing domestic legislation that implements international humanitarian law.

National governments have a role to play in ensuring respect for international humanitarian law by investigating and prosecuting violations of international humanitarian law, by providing reparations to victims of violations of international humanitarian law, and by cooperating with other states in ensuring respect for international humanitarian law.