The Fundamental Theorem of Calculus establishes a connection between derivatives and integrals, providing a powerful tool for solving various problems in calculus.

A clopen space is a topological space in which every open set is also closed.

A Cauchy sequence is a sequence of points in a metric space that converges to a limit point.

A monotonic function is a function that preserves the order of its arguments, meaning that if $x_1 < x_2$, then $f(x_1) < f(x_2)$ or $f(x_1) > f(x_2)$.

The Brouwer Fixed Point Theorem states that every continuous function from a closed unit ball in Euclidean space to itself has a fixed point.

A differentiable function is a function that has a derivative at every point in its domain.

A Banach space is a complete normed vector space, which is a fundamental concept in functional analysis.

A compact Hausdorff space is a space that is both Hausdorff and compact.

Cauchy's Integral Formula provides a powerful tool for evaluating integrals of complex functions.

A continuously differentiable function is a function that is continuous on a closed interval and differentiable on its interior.

A Riemannian metric is a fundamental concept in differential geometry that defines the notion of distance and angles on a manifold.

A locally path-connected space is a space that is both connected and locally connected.

The Radon-Nikodym Theorem provides a fundamental connection between measures and derivatives.

An integrable function is a function that is integrable on a closed interval.

Homology groups are fundamental concepts in algebraic topology that provide a way to study the topological properties of spaces.