The Supreme Court is the highest court in the Philippines and is responsible for interpreting and enforcing the Constitution, as well as reviewing decisions of lower courts.

There are 15 justices on the Supreme Court of the Philippines, including the Chief Justice.

The Court of Appeals has jurisdiction over appeals from lower courts, as well as original jurisdiction over certain cases, such as petitions for certiorari, mandamus, and prohibition.

The Sandiganbayan is a special court that has jurisdiction over cases involving graft and corruption.

The Court of Tax Appeals has jurisdiction over appeals from lower courts, as well as original jurisdiction over certain cases, such as petitions for review of tax assessments.

To appeal a decision of a lower court to the Court of Appeals, a party must file a notice of appeal within 15 days from the date of the decision.

To appeal a decision of the Court of Appeals to the Supreme Court, a party must file a petition for review within 45 days from the date of the decision.

A petition for review with the Supreme Court must be filed within 45 days from the date of the decision of the lower court.

A petition for review with the Supreme Court can be filed on the grounds of error of law, error of fact, or both.

The Supreme Court has the role of interpreting and enforcing the Constitution, reviewing decisions of lower courts, and settling legal controversies.

The doctrine of stare decisis ensures consistency in the application of the law, promotes predictability in the legal system, and prevents the arbitrary exercise of judicial power.

An appeal is filed with a lower court, while a petition for review is filed with a higher court. An appeal is based on errors of law, while a petition for review is based on errors of fact. An appeal is filed within 15 days from the date of the decision, while a petition for review is filed within 45 days from the date of the decision.

The Solicitor General represents the government in legal proceedings, provides legal advice to the President and other government officials, and drafts legislation and other legal documents.

The principle of judicial independence ensures that judges are free from political influence, promotes impartiality and fairness in the administration of justice, and protects the rights of individuals and organizations.