IHL seeks to protect the rights of civilians and other non-combatants during armed conflict, as well as to regulate the conduct of warfare between states.

The principle of distinction requires that parties to a conflict distinguish between combatants and civilians, and between military objectives and civilian objects.

The Geneva Conventions are a set of four treaties that seek to protect the rights of prisoners of war, wounded and sick soldiers, and civilians in armed conflict.

Peacebuilding encompasses a range of activities aimed at addressing the root causes of conflict, promoting reconciliation and healing, and building capacity for peace.

Peacebuilding involves a comprehensive approach that includes disarmament and demobilization, security sector reform, economic and social development, and other measures aimed at creating a sustainable peace.

International organizations play a crucial role in peacebuilding by providing financial and technical assistance, facilitating negotiations and mediation, deploying peacekeeping forces, and supporting other peacebuilding efforts.

Peacebuilding is a complex and challenging process that faces a number of obstacles, including lack of political will, insufficient resources, weak governance, and the presence of spoilers.

Local ownership is essential for the success of peacebuilding efforts as it ensures that they are tailored to the specific context, promotes sustainability and long-term success, and builds trust and legitimacy among local communities.

IHL provides a legal framework for peacebuilding, while peacebuilding helps to implement and enforce IHL. The two are mutually reinforcing and essential for achieving sustainable peace.

Implementing IHL during armed conflict faces a number of challenges, including lack of political will, weak enforcement mechanisms, and the difficulty in distinguishing between combatants and civilians.

Civil society organizations play a vital role in peacebuilding by providing humanitarian assistance, advocating for peace and human rights, building bridges between different communities, and supporting other peacebuilding efforts.

Gender equality is essential for sustainable peace and preventing relapse into conflict. It ensures that women's voices are heard and their needs are met, promotes trust and legitimacy among different groups in society, and contributes to building a more just and equitable peace.

A successful peace agreement typically includes elements such as inclusivity, power-sharing arrangements, security guarantees, and mechanisms for addressing grievances and promoting reconciliation.

The United Nations plays a crucial role in peacebuilding by providing financial and technical assistance, facilitating negotiations and mediation, deploying peacekeeping forces, and supporting other peacebuilding efforts.

Peacebuilding in the 21st century faces a number of challenges, including climate change, globalization, technological advancements, and the rise of non-state armed groups.