Impervious surfaces, such as concrete and asphalt, absorb and retain heat, leading to higher temperatures in urban areas.

Urban forests provide shade, evapotranspiration, and release water vapor, collectively reducing air temperature.

Green infrastructure, particularly plants, absorbs pollutants and releases oxygen through photosynthesis, improving air quality.

Bioswales are vegetated channels that collect and filter stormwater runoff, reducing flooding and improving water quality.

Green infrastructure, such as parks, green roofs, and rain gardens, provides habitats and food sources for various wildlife species, enhancing biodiversity.

Green walls, also known as vertical gardens, absorb and deflect sound waves, reducing noise pollution in urban areas.

Green infrastructure has been associated with reduced stress, improved mental well-being, increased physical activity, and improved air quality, all contributing to better health outcomes.

Funding is often a limiting factor in implementing green infrastructure projects, especially in resource-constrained urban areas.

Green roofs provide insulation and shade, reducing the need for heating and cooling in buildings, thereby lowering energy consumption.

Green infrastructure contributes to climate change mitigation by reducing greenhouse gas emissions, absorbing carbon dioxide, and promoting energy efficiency.

Permeable pavements allow water to infiltrate the ground, reducing runoff and the risk of flooding.

Green infrastructure can foster social cohesion and community engagement by providing spaces for social interaction, enhancing the aesthetic appeal of urban areas, and promoting physical activity.

Urban forests provide shade, evapotranspiration, and release water vapor, collectively reducing air temperature and mitigating the urban heat island effect.

Green infrastructure contributes to improved water quality by reducing stormwater runoff, filtering pollutants, and promoting groundwater recharge.

Urban forests provide shade and evapotranspiration, reducing air temperature and mitigating the risk of heat-related illnesses.