Sociocultural Theory, proposed by Lev Vygotsky, emphasizes the role of social interactions and cultural context in literacy development.

Cognitive Theory, associated with theorists like Jean Piaget and Frank Smith, emphasizes the role of mental schemas or frameworks in literacy development.

Behaviorist Theory, rooted in the work of B.F. Skinner, emphasizes the use of direct instruction, reinforcement, and shaping to teach literacy skills.

Constructivist Theory, associated with theorists like Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky, emphasizes the active role of learners in constructing knowledge and meaning through their interactions with the environment.

The Whole Language Approach emphasizes the use of authentic and meaningful texts to engage students in reading and writing, promoting fluency and comprehension.

The Balanced Literacy Approach combines phonics instruction with fluency development, emphasizing the importance of both decoding skills and reading comprehension.

Metacognitive Theory, associated with theorists like John Flavell and Ann Brown, emphasizes the role of metacognition (thinking about one's own thinking) and self-regulation in literacy development.

Reader Response Theory emphasizes the importance of the reader's interpretation and response to a literary text, rather than focusing solely on the author's intent or the historical context.

The Critical Literacy Approach aims to develop critical thinking skills and social awareness in learners, enabling them to critically analyze and engage with texts and media.

Multimodal Theory, associated with theorists like Gunther Kress and Theo van Leeuwen, emphasizes the role of visual and spatial representations, such as images and diagrams, in literacy development.

Situated Learning Theory emphasizes the importance of learning in informal social interactions and everyday activities, rather than solely in formal school settings.

The Funds of Knowledge Approach emphasizes the importance of incorporating cultural and community knowledge and resources into literacy instruction, valuing the diverse backgrounds of learners.

Narrative Theory, associated with theorists like Jerome Bruner and Michael Bamberg, emphasizes the role of storytelling and narrative in identity development and self-expression through literacy.

The New Literacy Studies focus on understanding and exploring digital and multimodal literacies, examining how people use and interact with various forms of media and technology in their everyday lives.