The Atharvaveda, one of the four Vedas, is believed to contain the earliest references to Vedic mathematics, which is known for its unique techniques and algorithms.

Aryabhata, a renowned mathematician and astronomer from the 5th century CE, is widely recognized as the 'Father of Indian Mathematics' for his groundbreaking work in astronomy, trigonometry, and algebra.

Brahmagupta, an influential mathematician from the 7th century CE, is credited with developing the concept of the 'zero' and introducing it to the world, revolutionizing the field of mathematics.

The Pythagorean Theorem, also known as Pythagoras's Theorem, is a fundamental theorem in geometry that establishes the relationship between the sides of a right triangle.

Adi Shankara, a renowned philosopher from the 8th century CE, introduced the concept of 'Maya' or illusion, which suggests that the world we perceive is not ultimately real but rather a veil of illusion.

Advaita Vedanta, a prominent school of Indian philosophy, emphasizes the non-duality of the individual soul and the ultimate reality, known as Brahman, and advocates direct experience as the means to attain this realization.

Madhvacharya, a philosopher from the 13th century CE, proposed the concept of 'monads' or 'dravya', which are conscious entities that constitute the fundamental building blocks of reality.

Bhakti Vedanta, a school of Indian philosophy, emphasizes the importance of devotion and surrender to God as the primary means of attaining spiritual liberation and experiencing divine love.

Bhaskara II, a renowned mathematician from the 12th century CE, developed the 'chakravala' method, an innovative algorithm for solving indeterminate equations, which involves a series of transformations and substitutions.

Karma Yoga, a school of Indian philosophy, emphasizes the importance of action and duty as the means to attain spiritual liberation, advocating selfless service and the fulfillment of one's responsibilities without attachment to the fruits of action.

Brahmagupta, an influential mathematician from the 7th century CE, introduced the 'Fibonacci sequence' to the world, a series of numbers where each number is the sum of the two preceding ones, starting with 0 and 1.

Jnana Yoga, a school of Indian philosophy, emphasizes the importance of knowledge and understanding as the means to attain spiritual liberation, advocating the pursuit of knowledge and wisdom through study, reflection, and contemplation.

Bhaskara II, a renowned mathematician from the 12th century CE, introduced the 'Pascal's triangle' to the world, a triangular array of binomial coefficients that has numerous applications in mathematics and probability.

Bhakti Yoga, a school of Indian philosophy, emphasizes the importance of love and compassion as the means to attain spiritual liberation, advocating the cultivation of devotion and unconditional love for God or the divine.

Srinivasa Ramanujan, a brilliant mathematician from the 20th century CE, introduced the 'Catalan numbers' to the world, a sequence of numbers that arise in various combinatorial problems and have applications in computer science and probability.