Domestic wastewater, generated from households and residential areas, is the main source of sewage discharge, containing a mixture of human waste, food scraps, and other household chemicals.

Rivers, due to their flowing nature, are more prone to contamination from sewage discharge compared to other water bodies. The continuous flow of sewage-contaminated water can lead to the spread of pollutants and pathogens downstream.

Pathogenic bacteria, such as E. coli and Salmonella, are commonly found in sewage discharge. These bacteria can cause various waterborne diseases and pose a significant health risk to humans and aquatic life.

Sewage discharge introduces organic matter into water bodies, which undergoes decomposition by microorganisms. This process consumes dissolved oxygen, leading to a decrease in oxygen levels. This phenomenon, known as eutrophication, can result in the death of aquatic organisms due to oxygen deprivation.

Disinfection is a widely used method for treating sewage before discharge. It involves the use of chemicals, such as chlorine or ultraviolet light, to kill harmful bacteria and pathogens, making the sewage safer for release into the environment.

Sewage discharge in coastal areas can lead to coral bleaching. The excess nutrients, particularly nitrogen and phosphorus, promote the growth of algae, which compete with corals for sunlight and nutrients. This competition can cause corals to bleach, making them more susceptible to disease and death.

Sewage discharge introduces excess nutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorus, into water bodies. These nutrients act as fertilizers, promoting the rapid growth of algae, including harmful algal blooms. These blooms can produce toxins that are harmful to aquatic life and can pose health risks to humans through contaminated seafood or recreational water activities.

Sewage discharge can contaminate groundwater, especially in areas with inadequate wastewater treatment infrastructure. The pollutants and pathogens present in sewage can seep into the ground, contaminating groundwater sources and posing a health risk to communities that rely on groundwater for drinking and irrigation.

Improved wastewater treatment is a crucial solution to reduce sewage discharge and its associated impacts. This involves upgrading and expanding wastewater treatment facilities to remove pollutants and pathogens more effectively before releasing treated wastewater into the environment. Improved wastewater treatment can help protect water quality and reduce the risk of waterborne diseases.

Public awareness and education play a vital role in reducing sewage discharge and water contamination. By raising awareness about the impacts of improper wastewater management and promoting responsible practices, such as proper disposal of household chemicals and fats, oils, and grease (FOG), communities can contribute to reducing the amount of pollutants entering wastewater systems and ultimately discharged into water bodies.