The Upanishads, part of the Vedas, are a collection of philosophical and spiritual texts that explore the nature of reality, consciousness, and the relationship between the individual and the universe.

The concept of karma, which refers to the ethical law of cause and effect, is a fundamental principle in Hinduism and has been influential in shaping Western ethical thought.

Mahatma Gandhi's philosophy of non-violence and civil disobedience, known as Satyagraha, has been a significant influence on Western leaders and social movements advocating for peaceful change.

Moksha, the ultimate goal of spiritual liberation, is a fundamental concept in Hinduism, aiming for the release from the cycle of rebirth and the attainment of spiritual enlightenment.

Maya, the concept of illusion or unreality of the phenomenal world, is a central tenet of Advaita Vedanta, a school of Hindu philosophy founded by Adi Shankara.

Ahimsa, the principle of non-violence and compassion towards all living beings, is a core teaching in Jainism, influencing Western ethical thought and animal rights movements.

Jiddu Krishnamurti, an Indian philosopher and spiritual teacher, gained significant recognition in the West for his teachings on existentialism, self-awareness, and the nature of reality.

Dharma, the concept of moral and ethical duty, is a fundamental principle in Hinduism, guiding individuals' actions and responsibilities within society.

Samsara, the cycle of repeated birth, death, and rebirth, is a central concept in Buddhism, emphasizing the need for liberation from this cycle through spiritual practice.

Nirvana, the state of liberation from suffering and the cycle of rebirth, is the ultimate goal in Buddhism, achieved through the practice of the Eightfold Path.

Sri Aurobindo, an Indian philosopher and spiritual guru, gained recognition in the West for his writings on consciousness, evolution, and the nature of reality.

Karma yoga, the path of selfless action and service without attachment to the fruits of one's labor, is a fundamental teaching in Hinduism, emphasizing the importance of ethical conduct.

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, an Indian philosopher and statesman, gained recognition in the West for his writings on comparative religion and his efforts to promote interfaith dialogue and understanding.

Brahman, the concept of the ultimate reality or consciousness, is a fundamental principle in Hinduism, representing the unity and interconnectedness of all existence.

Rabindranath Tagore, an Indian poet, writer, and philosopher, gained recognition in the West for his writings on the philosophy of art and aesthetics, emphasizing the importance of beauty and creativity.