GIS enables the integration of data from multiple sources, allowing disaster response agencies to share information, coordinate their efforts, and make informed decisions during emergencies.

Public awareness and education are important aspects of disaster management, but they are not directly related to GIS technology.

GIS combines spatial data with analytical tools to identify vulnerable areas, analyze historical data, and create hazard maps, providing valuable insights for risk assessment and mapping.

Topographic maps, land use maps, and transportation network maps are all essential for emergency response, as they provide information about the physical environment, infrastructure, and access routes.

GIS can be used to identify suitable locations for camps and shelters, track the movement of displaced populations, and monitor the distribution of relief supplies, ensuring efficient and effective management of these facilities.

GIS plays a crucial role in post-disaster recovery and reconstruction by providing accurate information about the extent of damage, identifying areas in need of assistance, and facilitating the planning and coordination of reconstruction activities.

While GIS can contribute to disaster risk reduction by providing valuable information for planning and preparedness, it cannot directly reduce the risk of disasters occurring.

Implementing GIS-based disaster management systems in India faces challenges such as data availability and quality issues, limited technical capacity and expertise, and insufficient coordination among stakeholders.

To improve the effectiveness of GIS-based disaster management systems in India, it is essential to invest in data collection and management, build technical capacity and expertise, and promote collaboration and coordination among stakeholders.

Odisha has been a pioneer in the use of GIS for disaster management in India, with initiatives such as the Odisha State Disaster Management Authority's (OSDMA) GIS-based disaster management system.

The National GIS Platform for Disaster Management (NGPDM) is the national-level GIS platform developed by the Government of India for disaster management.

Climate change adaptation is not a direct application of GIS in disaster management, although GIS can be used to support climate change adaptation efforts.

GIS can contribute to community-based disaster preparedness and resilience by empowering communities with information, facilitating their participation in planning and preparedness activities, and supporting community-led disaster response and recovery efforts.

GIS plays a role in disaster risk reduction education and awareness by developing educational materials, conducting training and workshops, and creating interactive maps and visualizations to communicate disaster risks.

GIS can be used to support the integration of disaster management with other sectors by providing spatial data and analysis tools for land use planning, assessing the environmental impact of disasters, and supporting the development of integrated disaster management plans.