The Turin Papyrus Map, dating back to the 13th century BCE, is considered one of the oldest surviving maps and is attributed to the ancient Egyptians.

Early maps were primarily used for navigation, aiding travelers, traders, and explorers in finding their way through unfamiliar territories.

Eratosthenes, a Greek scholar, is credited with developing the concept of latitude and longitude, laying the foundation for modern cartography.

The astrolabe, an ancient navigational instrument, was primarily used to calculate latitude by measuring the angle between the horizon and celestial bodies like the sun or stars.

Bartolomeu Dias, a Portuguese explorer, was the first European to sail around the southern tip of Africa in 1488, paving the way for Vasco da Gama's voyage to India.

Chinese cartographers played a crucial role in creating detailed maps of the Silk Road, enabling traders and travelers to navigate the extensive network of routes.

Portolan charts were known for their detailed and accurate depictions of coastlines, aiding sailors in navigating along unfamiliar shores.

Abraham Ortelius, a Flemish cartographer, published the first modern atlas, titled 'Theatrum Orbis Terrarum,' in 1570, marking a significant milestone in cartography.

The Dutch East India Company utilized accurate maps to establish and maintain its extensive trade network, becoming a dominant force in global trade.

The printing press allowed for the mass production of maps, making them more accessible and affordable, leading to a wider dissemination of cartographic knowledge.

John Harrison, a British clockmaker and inventor, developed the marine chronometer, a precision timekeeping device that enabled accurate determination of longitude at sea.

Lithography, a printing technique, revolutionized mapmaking by allowing for the production of high-quality maps with intricate details and vibrant colors.

Aerial photography enabled the creation of detailed topographic maps, providing valuable information about the elevation and contours of landforms.

The Global Positioning System (GPS) revolutionized cartography by providing precise location data, facilitating the creation of digital maps and enabling various geospatial applications.

Geographic Information Systems (GIS) is a powerful tool that integrates geospatial data from various sources, allowing users to analyze and visualize complex patterns and relationships.