Ecological restoration primarily focuses on improving the ecological health of an area, which includes restoring natural habitats and enhancing biodiversity. While it can indirectly contribute to reduced air pollution through increased vegetation, it is not a direct ecosystem service provided by ecological restoration.

Wetlands play a crucial role in filtering pollutants and sediments from water, improving water quality. This water filtration function is directly supported by the restoration of wetlands.

Ecological restoration helps mitigate climate change primarily by increasing carbon sequestration. Restored ecosystems, such as forests and wetlands, absorb and store carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, reducing greenhouse gas concentrations.

Coral reefs provide natural barriers that protect coastlines from erosion and storm damage. Restoring coral reefs directly contributes to coastal protection, safeguarding coastal communities and infrastructure.

Ecological restoration directly supports biodiversity conservation by creating new habitats for species. Restored ecosystems provide suitable conditions for various organisms to thrive, increasing biodiversity and enhancing the overall health of the ecosystem.

Decomposition is the primary ecosystem function responsible for nutrient cycling in forests. Decomposers, such as fungi and bacteria, break down organic matter, releasing nutrients back into the soil, making them available for plant uptake.

Ecological restoration contributes to sustainable agriculture primarily by enhancing soil fertility. Restored ecosystems, such as grasslands and wetlands, improve soil health and fertility, reducing the need for synthetic fertilizers and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.

Mangrove forests provide natural barriers that help control flooding and protect coastal areas. Restoring mangrove forests directly contributes to flood control, reducing the risk of flooding and safeguarding coastal communities.

Ecological restoration contributes to the provision of clean drinking water primarily by enhancing water filtration. Restored ecosystems, such as wetlands and forests, act as natural filters, removing pollutants and sediments from water, improving water quality.

Grasslands play a crucial role in erosion control by stabilizing soil and reducing wind and water erosion. Restoring grasslands directly contributes to erosion control, protecting soil and preventing land degradation.

Ecological restoration contributes to the resilience of ecosystems primarily by increasing biodiversity. Diverse ecosystems are more resilient to environmental changes and disturbances, as they have a wider range of species and ecological interactions that can adapt and respond to changing conditions.

Urban green spaces, such as parks and gardens, contribute to improved air quality by absorbing air pollutants and releasing oxygen. Restoring urban green spaces directly provides the ecosystem service of improved air quality, benefiting urban residents.

Ecological restoration contributes to the sustainable management of fisheries primarily by enhancing fish habitat. Restored ecosystems, such as coral reefs and mangrove forests, provide critical habitat for fish, supporting fish populations and promoting sustainable fishing practices.

Peatlands play a crucial role in carbon sequestration, storing large amounts of carbon in their peat soils. Restoring peatlands directly contributes to carbon sequestration, helping to mitigate climate change.

Ecological restoration contributes to the conservation of endangered species primarily by creating new habitats for them. Restored ecosystems provide suitable conditions for endangered species to thrive, increasing their populations and reducing the risk of extinction.