Friedrich Nietzsche is often considered the forerunner of postmodernism, as his writings challenged traditional notions of truth, morality, and the self.

Deconstruction is a critical approach that seeks to expose the hidden assumptions and power structures embedded in language and discourse.

Roland Barthes, in his essay 'The Death of the Author,' argued that the author's intention is irrelevant to the interpretation of a text.

Postmodernism challenges traditional notions of truth, reality, objective knowledge, rationality, and grand narratives.

Postmodernism rejects the idea of a fixed and essential identity, instead emphasizing the fluidity and constructed nature of identity.

Michel Foucault's work on discourse analysis examines how power operates through language and discourse.

Postmodernism challenges traditional notions of power, viewing it as decentralized, fluid, and embedded in discourse and social relations.

Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari's concept of 'rhizomatic thinking' emphasizes the interconnectedness and non-hierarchical nature of knowledge and reality.

Postmodernism challenges the idea of objective truth, emphasizing the relative, subjective, and contingent nature of truth claims.

Judith Butler's concept of 'performativity' examines how gender and other social identities are constructed and enacted through repetitive acts and performances.

Postmodernism challenges the idea of grand narratives or metanarratives that claim to provide a comprehensive and universal explanation of the world.

Jean Baudrillard's concept of 'the simulacrum' refers to the replacement of reality with simulations and representations.

Postmodernism challenges traditional notions of representation, emphasizing the constructed, mediated, and subjective nature of representations.

Jean-François Lyotard's concept of 'the postmodern condition' describes the cultural and intellectual shifts associated with postmodernism.

Postmodernism challenges the traditional notion of the autonomous and rational subject, instead viewing the subject as a product of discourse, power, and social relations.