Chronology is a fundamental element of the historical method, as it involves organizing and analyzing historical events in the order in which they occurred.

The 'linguistic turn' in historiography emphasizes the role of language and discourse in shaping historical narratives and interpretations.

Friedrich Nietzsche argued that historical knowledge is subjective and perspectival, as it is shaped by the individual perspectives and interpretations of historians.

Presentism is criticized for ignoring the context and circumstances of the past, leading to anachronistic interpretations and a failure to understand historical events on their own terms.

Marxist historiography emphasizes the role of social and economic forces, particularly class struggle, in shaping historical events and developments.

Leopold von Ranke believed that the goal of historical inquiry was to uncover the 'true' and objective history of the past, based on rigorous research and the critical examination of sources.

Hayden White argued that history is a form of 'storytelling' and that historical narratives are constructed through the selection and interpretation of evidence, shaped by the historian's perspective and worldview.

'Whig history' is criticized for assuming that history is a linear and progressive process, leading to a teleological view of history where the present is seen as the culmination of a predetermined historical trajectory.

Edward Carr argued that historical knowledge is always provisional and subject to revision, as new evidence and interpretations emerge over time.

'Microhistory' focuses on the study of everyday life and experiences of ordinary people, examining the details and nuances of their lives to gain a deeper understanding of the past.

Maurice Halbwachs argued that history is a form of 'collective memory' and that historical narratives are shaped by the cultural and social context in which they are produced.

'Grand narratives' in historiography are criticized for being too simplistic and failing to capture the complexity and diversity of the past, often overlooking the experiences and perspectives of marginalized groups.

Contextualism emphasizes the importance of understanding the past on its own terms, without imposing present-day values and assumptions, seeking to comprehend historical events and developments within their own historical context.

The 'new historicism' movement in literary criticism argues that literary texts should be analyzed in their historical and cultural context, emphasizing the importance of understanding the social, political, and intellectual forces that shape their meaning and significance.

Michel Foucault argued that historical knowledge is inherently limited and fragmented, and that historians can only access partial and incomplete representations of the past, due to the power dynamics and discursive practices that shape historical narratives.