Plurality voting is not a type of electoral system, but rather a method of determining the winner of an election when there are multiple candidates.

The salience of an election, or how important voters perceive it to be, is the primary factor that determines voter turnout.

Media coverage is not a factor that directly influences voting decisions, but rather a factor that can shape voters' perceptions of the candidates and the issues.

Party loyalty is the tendency of voters to support candidates from their own party, even when they disagree with the candidates' positions on specific issues.

Identity politics is the phenomenon in which voters cast their ballots for candidates based on their personal characteristics, such as their gender, race, or religion.

Economic instability is not a direct consequence of elections, but rather a potential outcome of changes in government policy that may result from elections.

Late swing is the phenomenon in which voters change their minds about who to vote for shortly before the election.

Bandwagon effect is the phenomenon in which voters tend to vote for the candidate who is perceived to be winning.

High levels of political efficacy, or the belief that one can make a difference through political participation, is not a factor that contributes to voter apathy.

Value voting is the phenomenon in which voters tend to vote for candidates who share their values and beliefs.

Economic growth is not a direct benefit of elections, but rather a potential outcome of policies implemented by elected officials.

Social identity voting is the phenomenon in which voters tend to vote for candidates who are similar to them in terms of social background and experiences.

Voter turnout is not a factor that directly influences the effectiveness of political campaigns, but rather a factor that is influenced by the campaign.

Competence heuristic is the phenomenon in which voters tend to vote for candidates who are perceived to be more competent and experienced.

Plurality voting is not a type of voting system, but rather a method of determining the winner of an election when there are multiple candidates.