To identify and assess workplace hazards that may pose health risks to workers.

To develop and implement preventive measures to reduce workplace hazards.

To provide medical care and treatment to workers who have been exposed to workplace hazards.

To conduct research on the long-term health effects of workplace hazards.

Observational studies (e.g., cohort and case-control studies)

Experimental studies (e.g., randomized controlled trials)

Cross-sectional studies

Meta-analysis

To examine the relationship between a specific exposure and a health outcome over time.

To compare the health outcomes of two or more groups with different levels of exposure.

To identify risk factors for a particular health outcome.

To estimate the incidence of a health outcome in a population.

It allows for the investigation of rare health outcomes.

It is less expensive and time-consuming than a cohort study.

It provides stronger evidence of a causal relationship between exposure and outcome.

It can be used to study multiple exposures simultaneously.

Job exposure matrices (JEMs)

Biological monitoring

Personal monitoring

Questionnaire-based surveys

To estimate the exposure levels of workers to specific hazards based on their job titles or tasks.

To measure the actual exposure levels of workers using personal monitoring devices.

To collect information on the health status of workers.

To identify risk factors for occupational diseases.

It can only be used to measure exposure to a limited number of substances.

It is expensive and time-consuming.

It does not provide information on the route of exposure.

It cannot be used to assess past exposures.

To identify and quantify the health risks associated with workplace hazards.

To develop and implement preventive measures to reduce workplace hazards.

To provide medical care and treatment to workers who have been exposed to workplace hazards.

To conduct research on the long-term health effects of workplace hazards.

Quantitative risk assessment (QRA)

Qualitative risk assessment (QRA)

Meta-analysis

Expert judgment

To develop and implement strategies to reduce or eliminate workplace hazards.

To provide medical care and treatment to workers who have been exposed to workplace hazards.

To conduct research on the long-term health effects of workplace hazards.

To monitor the effectiveness of preventive measures in reducing workplace hazards.

Engineering controls (e.g., ventilation, isolation)

Administrative controls (e.g., work practices, training)

Personal protective equipment (PPE)

Medical surveillance

To identify and monitor health effects associated with workplace hazards.

To develop and implement preventive measures to reduce workplace hazards.

To provide medical care and treatment to workers who have been exposed to workplace hazards.

To conduct research on the long-term health effects of workplace hazards.

Cancer

Respiratory diseases

Cardiovascular diseases

Mental health disorders

To identify and assess new and emerging workplace hazards.

To develop and implement preventive measures to reduce workplace hazards.

To provide medical care and treatment to workers who have been exposed to workplace hazards.

To inform public health policy and regulations related to workplace safety.

Lack of access to accurate and reliable exposure data.

Difficulty in establishing causal relationships between exposure and outcome.

Ethical considerations related to conducting research on human subjects.

Limited resources for conducting occupational epidemiological studies.