David Hume argued that the self is not a permanent, unchanging entity, but rather a collection of perceptions that are constantly changing.

Aristotle argued that the highest good for human beings is eudaimonia, which is often translated as 'happiness' or 'flourishing'.

René Descartes is known for his famous statement, 'Cogito, ergo sum' ('I think, therefore I am'), which he used to establish the existence of the self.

Solipsism is the belief that the self is the only thing that exists and that the rest of the world is merely a product of the self's consciousness.

Karl Marx argued that the self is a social construct that is shaped by the economic and social conditions in which one lives.

Monism is the belief that there is only one fundamental substance or reality, and that the self is a part of this substance or reality.

Gilbert Ryle argued that the self is not a substance, but rather a collection of mental states, such as beliefs, desires, and intentions.

Dualism is the belief that there are two fundamental substances or realities: mind and matter. The self is typically associated with the mind, while the rest of the world is associated with matter.

Paul Ricoeur argued that the self is a narrative that we construct about our own lives. This narrative is constantly being revised and updated as we experience new events and learn new things.

Universalism is the belief that there are certain universal truths about the self that apply to all human beings, regardless of their culture or background.

George Herbert Mead argued that the self is a product of social interactions and that it develops through a process of role-taking and self-reflection.

Dualism is the belief that there are two fundamental substances or realities: mind and matter. The self is typically associated with the mind, while the rest of the world is associated with matter.

Ludwig Wittgenstein argued that the self is a product of language and that it is shaped by the ways in which we use language to talk about ourselves and our experiences.

Monism is the belief that there is only one fundamental substance or reality, and that the self is a part of this substance or reality.

Michel Foucault argued that the self is a product of power relations and that it is shaped by the ways in which power is exercised in society.