Kinesthesia is the sense of body position and movement, while vision, hearing, smell, and taste are all sensory perceptions.

Selective attention is the ability to focus on a particular stimulus while ignoring others, while divided attention is the ability to attend to two or more stimuli at the same time, sustained attention is the ability to maintain attention on a single task for an extended period of time, alternating attention is the ability to switch attention between two or more stimuli, and distributed attention is the ability to attend to multiple stimuli simultaneously.

Sensory memory is the temporary storage of sensory information, while short-term memory is the temporary storage of information for a few seconds or minutes, long-term memory is the permanent storage of information, working memory is the temporary storage of information that is being actively processed, and episodic memory is the memory of specific events.

Language comprehension is the ability to understand language, while aphasia is a language disorder that impairs the ability to produce and understand language, dyslexia is a learning disorder that impairs the ability to read, agnosia is a disorder that impairs the ability to recognize objects, and apraxia is a disorder that impairs the ability to perform skilled movements.

Algorithms are a step-by-step procedure for solving a problem, while means-ends analysis is a strategy that involves breaking a problem down into smaller, more manageable steps, trial and error is a strategy that involves trying different solutions until one works, heuristics are mental shortcuts that can be used to solve problems quickly and efficiently, and insight is a sudden realization of the solution to a problem.