In the 1954 case Brown v. Board of Education, the Supreme Court ruled that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional, overturning the previous precedent set by Plessy v. Ferguson.

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a landmark piece of legislation that outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin in employment, public accommodations, and government programs.

The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, ratified in 1865, abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime.

Racism is the practice of discriminating against someone based on their race or ethnicity. It can take many forms, including prejudice, discrimination, and violence.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is an international treaty that prohibits racial discrimination in all its forms.

Segregation is the practice of separating people based on their race or ethnicity. It can take many forms, including residential segregation, school segregation, and employment segregation.

In the 1967 case Loving v. Virginia, the Supreme Court ruled that laws prohibiting interracial marriage were unconstitutional.

Affirmative action is the practice of giving preferential treatment to members of a particular racial or ethnic group in order to address past discrimination.

The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination is an international treaty that prohibits discrimination based on race, color, descent, or national or ethnic origin.

Racial profiling is the practice of using race or ethnicity as a factor in determining who is eligible for a particular benefit or service.

In the 1972 case Furman v. Georgia, the Supreme Court ruled that the death penalty was unconstitutional as it was being applied in a discriminatory manner.

Discrimination is the practice of denying someone a job, promotion, or other opportunity based on their race or ethnicity.

The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights is an international treaty that prohibits discrimination based on race, color, sex, religion, political opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status.

Discrimination is the practice of using race or ethnicity as a factor in determining who is eligible for a particular job or promotion.

In the 1993 case Shaw v. Reno, the Supreme Court ruled that racial gerrymandering was unconstitutional.