The Arctic region has the largest area of permafrost, covering approximately 25% of the Earth's land surface.

Permafrost can be found as far south as 45°N in some areas of North America and Asia.

Discontinuous permafrost is characterized by a thick active layer that thaws during the summer, while the underlying permafrost remains frozen.

Thermokarst is the process of permafrost melting, which can result in the formation of various landforms such as sinkholes, lakes, and gullies.

The Arctic region is most vulnerable to the effects of permafrost melting due to the presence of large areas of continuous permafrost and the rapid warming trend in the region.

Cryoturbation is the movement of soil and rock caused by the freeze-thaw cycle in permafrost regions, resulting in the formation of various features such as patterned ground and frost boils.

Continuous permafrost is characterized by a thin active layer that thaws only partially during the summer, while the underlying permafrost remains frozen.

Pingos are mounds of earth and ice that form in permafrost regions due to the expansion of ice lenses within the permafrost.

The Antarctic region has the second largest area of permafrost, covering approximately 15% of the Earth's land surface.

Needle ice is the term used to describe the ice crystals that form in permafrost, often appearing as thin, vertical columns.

Sporadic permafrost is characterized by isolated patches of permafrost surrounded by unfrozen ground, often found in mountainous regions.

Cryoturbation is the process of permafrost formation, involving the freezing of soil and rock and the formation of ice lenses.

The Himalayas region has the third largest area of permafrost, covering approximately 5% of the Earth's land surface.

Alpine permafrost is the type of permafrost found in mountainous regions, characterized by its high elevation and steep slopes.

The Andes region has the fourth largest area of permafrost, covering approximately 2% of the Earth's land surface.