The main objective of a circular economy is to minimize waste and pollution by designing products and processes that can be reused, recycled, or repurposed.

The circular economy is based on the principles of Reduce, Reuse, and Recycle, which aim to minimize resource consumption and waste generation.

Design for circularity involves designing products and processes that are durable, repairable, easy to disassemble, and made from recycled materials.

Consumers play a crucial role in the circular economy by making informed purchasing decisions, recycling and composting waste, and supporting businesses that adopt circular practices.

Product-as-a-Service (PaaS) is a circular economy business model where companies retain ownership of their products and lease them to customers, promoting reuse and reducing waste.

Industrial symbiosis involves collaboration between industries to exchange waste and by-products, creating a closed-loop system where one industry's waste becomes another industry's resource.

The transition to a circular economy can create new jobs in sectors such as recycling, repair, and reuse, while also leading to job losses in traditional industries that rely on linear production models.

Implementing circular economy faces challenges such as lack of consumer awareness, high costs associated with circular design and production, and the need for supportive policies and regulations.

Technology plays a vital role in promoting circular economy by enabling innovative recycling and waste management technologies, creating digital platforms for sharing and reuse, and designing products with embedded sensors for monitoring and tracking.

Cities can implement circular economy initiatives such as city-wide composting programs, establishing repair cafes, and developing sharing economy platforms to promote reuse and reduce waste.

Circularity assessment involves evaluating the circularity of products, processes, or systems by measuring their ability to reduce waste, reuse materials, and close resource loops.

Adopting circular economy practices can lead to reduced resource consumption and waste generation, increased economic competitiveness and resilience, and enhanced job creation and innovation.

Governments can promote circular economy by implementing supportive policies and regulations, providing financial incentives for businesses, and investing in research and development for circular economy technologies.

Circular economy business models in the fashion industry include renting clothing, selling used clothing through online platforms, and designing clothing for durability and easy repair.

Product life extension in circular economy involves extending the lifespan of products through repair, refurbishment, and reuse, designing products to be easily disassembled and recycled, and using recycled materials in production.