Dualism posits that the mind and body are two fundamentally different substances that interact in some way.

René Descartes is widely regarded as the father of modern dualism, having famously argued for the distinction between the mind and body in his work, "Meditations on First Philosophy".

Descartes believed that the defining characteristic of the mind is its capacity for thought, while the body is characterized by its extension in space.

Descartes argued that the body's defining attribute is its extension in space, or its physical presence.

Descartes proposed that the mind and body interact through the pineal gland, a small structure in the brain.

One of the main objections to Descartes' dualism is the problem of interaction, which questions how the immaterial mind can causally interact with the material body.

The problem of other minds arises from the fact that we can only directly access our own consciousness, making it difficult to know for certain that other people have minds.

The argument from analogy suggests that since we have minds, it is reasonable to assume that other people, who are similar to us in many ways, also have minds.

The problem of free will arises from the apparent conflict between the idea of free will and the principle of determinism, which states that every event is causally determined by prior events.

Compatibilism is the view that free will and determinism are not necessarily incompatible. Compatibilists argue that it is possible to have free will even if our actions are causally determined.

The problem of qualia arises from the fact that subjective experiences, such as the taste of coffee or the feeling of pain, seem to be irreducible to physical processes.

Physicalism is the view that everything that exists is physical. Physicalists argue that qualia are either reducible to physical processes or are themselves physical phenomena.

The rise of materialism, which holds that everything that exists is physical, poses a significant challenge to dualism, as it calls into question the existence of an immaterial mind.

David Chalmers is a contemporary philosopher who has written extensively on consciousness and dualism. He is known for his defense of the dualist position and his work on the hard problem of consciousness.

While dualism faces significant challenges, it is likely to remain a viable philosophical position for the foreseeable future, as it offers a compelling explanation for the nature of consciousness and the relationship between the mind and body.