The gut-brain axis refers to the two-way communication between the digestive system and the brain, involving neural, hormonal, and immune pathways.

Approximately 95% of serotonin, a neurotransmitter associated with mood, sleep, and appetite, is produced in the gut, highlighting the gut's role in mental well-being.

The microbiome refers to the diverse community of microorganisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi, inhabiting the digestive tract and influencing digestion, metabolism, and immune function.

Prebiotics are non-digestible dietary fibers that selectively stimulate the growth and activity of beneficial bacteria in the gut, promoting a healthy microbiome.

Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) is a chronic condition involving inflammation of the digestive tract, commonly affecting the colon and small intestine.

Leptin is a hormone primarily produced by fat cells and the gut, signaling satiety to the brain, thereby regulating appetite and food intake.

Dysphagia refers to the difficulty in swallowing, which can result from various conditions affecting the esophagus, such as esophageal strictures, tumors, or neurological disorders.

Amylase is an enzyme produced in the salivary glands and pancreas, which breaks down carbohydrates into simpler sugars, such as glucose, maltose, and dextrin, facilitating their absorption in the small intestine.

Lactose intolerance is a condition in which the body lacks the enzyme lactase, necessary for digesting lactose, resulting in symptoms like abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea after consuming dairy products.

Proteases are enzymes that break down proteins into smaller peptides and eventually into individual amino acids, facilitating their absorption in the small intestine.

Celiac Disease is an autoimmune condition in which the body's immune system reacts abnormally to gluten, causing damage to the small intestine and leading to various digestive and systemic symptoms.

Lipase is an enzyme produced by the pancreas and aids in the digestion and absorption of fats by breaking them down into fatty acids and glycerol.

Diverticulitis is a condition in which small pouches or sacs (diverticula) form along the colon, and when these pouches become inflamed or infected, it leads to diverticulitis.

Pepsin is an enzyme produced in the stomach, which breaks down proteins into smaller peptides, initiating the process of protein digestion.

Ulcerative Colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease affecting the colon, causing inflammation and ulceration of the colonic mucosa, leading to symptoms like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and weight loss.