The Industrial Revolution began in the United Kingdom in the late 18th century, with the mechanization of the textile industry.

Coal was the primary source of energy during the early stages of the Industrial Revolution, as it was used to power steam engines and other machinery.

The spinning jenny, invented by James Hargreaves in 1764, revolutionized the textile industry by allowing a single worker to spin multiple threads simultaneously.

Stephenson's Rocket, designed by George Stephenson, was the first commercially successful steam locomotive and played a crucial role in the development of railways.

The Bessemer process, developed by Henry Bessemer in 1856, enabled the mass production of steel by removing impurities from molten iron.

Laissez-faire is an economic theory that advocates for free trade and limited government intervention in the economy.

The labor movement emerged in response to the negative consequences of industrialization, such as poor working conditions and exploitation, and aimed to improve the rights and working conditions of workers.

Marxism is a social theory developed by Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels that emphasizes the importance of class struggle and the eventual overthrow of capitalism.

The telegraph, invented by Samuel Morse in 1837, revolutionized communication during the Industrial Revolution by allowing for rapid transmission of messages over long distances.

The Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, also known as the Crystal Palace Exhibition, was an international exhibition held in London in 1851 to showcase the achievements of the Industrial Revolution.

Japan experienced rapid industrialization and economic growth during the Meiji Restoration, which began in 1868.

Mercantilism is an economic theory that emphasizes the importance of government intervention and protectionism in order to promote national wealth and power.

The steam locomotive, developed by Richard Trevithick and George Stephenson, revolutionized transportation during the Industrial Revolution by enabling the rapid movement of goods and people.

Classical economics is an economic theory that emphasizes the importance of supply and demand in determining prices and resource allocation.

The assembly line, pioneered by Henry Ford, enabled the mass production of automobiles, revolutionizing transportation and personal mobility.