Portfolio optimization aims to find the optimal combination of assets in a portfolio that provides the best risk-return trade-off.

Modern portfolio theory assumes that investors are risk-averse, returns on different assets are independent, and the expected return of a portfolio is the weighted average of the expected returns of its individual assets.

In general, there is a positive correlation between risk and return in a portfolio, meaning that as the expected return of a portfolio increases, so does its risk.

Diversification is a strategy used in portfolio construction to reduce risk by investing in a variety of different assets that are not perfectly correlated.

Standard deviation is a common measure of portfolio risk that quantifies the volatility of returns.

The Sharpe ratio is a measure of portfolio risk-adjusted return that compares the portfolio's excess return (return above the risk-free rate) to its standard deviation.

The efficient frontier is the set of all portfolios that are both efficient in terms of risk and return, meaning that they offer the highest possible return for a given level of risk or the lowest possible risk for a given level of return.

The capital allocation line (CAL) is a line that shows the relationship between risk and return for the efficient frontier, representing the optimal trade-off between risk and return for a given investor's risk tolerance.

The optimal portfolio in portfolio optimization is the portfolio that lies on the efficient frontier and is tangent to the capital allocation line, representing the best possible risk-return trade-off for a given investor's risk tolerance.

Risk management plays a crucial role in portfolio optimization by helping to identify and mitigate potential risks in a portfolio, ensuring that the portfolio meets the investor's risk tolerance, and assisting the investor in making informed investment decisions.

Diversification, hedging, and asset allocation are all common risk management techniques used in portfolio optimization to reduce risk and improve portfolio performance.

Asset allocation in portfolio optimization aims to diversify the portfolio across different asset classes, match the portfolio's risk profile to the investor's risk tolerance, and maximize the portfolio's return.

Rebalancing in portfolio optimization involves adjusting the portfolio's asset allocation over time to maintain the portfolio's desired risk profile, capture market opportunities, and mitigate risks.

Monitoring and evaluating a portfolio in portfolio optimization is crucial to ensure that the portfolio is performing as expected, identify any potential risks or opportunities, and make adjustments to the portfolio as needed to maintain its optimal risk-return profile.

Optimization techniques can be used in portfolio optimization to find the optimal portfolio weights that maximize the portfolio's return, minimize the portfolio's risk, or balance risk and return, depending on the investor's objectives.