Mining activities can result in air pollution from dust and emissions, water pollution from contaminated runoff, and land degradation from the removal of vegetation and soil.

Open-pit mining involves the removal of large amounts of soil and rock to expose mineral deposits, resulting in extensive land degradation and habitat loss.

Beneficiation is the process of separating valuable minerals from waste materials in ores, typically involving crushing, grinding, and flotation techniques.

Underground mining involves extracting minerals from beneath the Earth's surface, resulting in less land degradation and habitat loss compared to surface mining methods.

Tailings are the waste materials left after the extraction and processing of minerals, typically consisting of finely ground rock and mineral particles.

Acid mine drainage is a major environmental concern associated with mining, resulting from the exposure of sulfide minerals to air and water, leading to the formation of acidic and metal-rich runoff.

Reclamation is the process of restoring a mined area to a more natural or productive state, involving activities such as recontouring, revegetation, and the establishment of ecosystems.

Surface mining involves the removal of soil and rock to expose mineral deposits, resulting in the release of dust and particulate matter into the air.

Beneficiation is the process of separating valuable minerals from waste materials in ores, typically involving crushing, grinding, and flotation techniques.

Underground mining involves extracting minerals from beneath the Earth's surface, resulting in less land degradation and habitat loss compared to surface mining methods.

Tailings are the waste materials left after the extraction and processing of minerals, typically consisting of finely ground rock and mineral particles.

Acid mine drainage is a major environmental concern associated with mining, resulting from the exposure of sulfide minerals to air and water, leading to the formation of acidic and metal-rich runoff.

Reclamation is the process of restoring a mined area to a more natural or productive state, involving activities such as recontouring, revegetation, and the establishment of ecosystems.

Surface mining involves the removal of soil and rock to expose mineral deposits, resulting in the release of dust and particulate matter into the air.

Beneficiation is the process of separating valuable minerals from waste materials in ores, typically involving crushing, grinding, and flotation techniques.