The certainty effect is a cognitive bias, not a heuristic. It refers to the tendency for individuals to prefer a certain outcome over an uncertain outcome, even if the expected value of the uncertain outcome is higher.

The framing effect encompasses all of the above options. It suggests that the way information is presented can influence an individual's decision-making, leading them to choose options that are framed in a particular way, whether positively or negatively.

Hindsight bias, confirmation bias, and framing effect are all examples of cognitive biases. Cognitive biases are systematic errors in thinking that can lead to irrational decision-making.

The endowment effect is a cognitive bias that leads individuals to place a higher value on items they own compared to items they do not own, even if the items are objectively of equal value.

The Ultimatum Game, the Dictator Game, and the Prisoner's Dilemma are all examples of behavioral economics experiments that have been used to study human decision-making and social interactions.

The hyperbolic discounting model is a behavioral economics model that suggests that individuals place a higher value on immediate rewards compared to future rewards, even if the future rewards are objectively of greater value.

Nudges are interventions that are designed to influence people's behavior in a predictable way without restricting their choices or significantly changing their economic incentives. Providing default options, using labels, and changing store layouts are all examples of nudges.

Prospect theory is a behavioral economics theory that suggests that individuals are more sensitive to losses than to gains. This means that they are more likely to avoid losses than to seek out gains, even if the potential gains are objectively greater than the potential losses.

All of the above options are examples of framing effects in the context of medical decision-making. The way information is presented can influence patients' preferences for different treatment options, even if the objective outcomes are the same.

The availability heuristic is a cognitive bias that leads individuals to rely on information that is easily accessible in their memory, emotionally charged, or presented in a vivid manner, when making judgments and decisions.

All of the above options are examples of behavioral economics interventions. These interventions are designed to influence people's behavior in a predictable way without restricting their choices or significantly changing their economic incentives.

The anchoring effect is a cognitive bias that leads individuals to be influenced by the first, last, or most salient piece of information they receive when making a decision. This can lead to biased judgments and decisions.

The Ultimatum Game, the Dictator Game, and the Prisoner's Dilemma are all examples of behavioral economics experiments that have been used to study social preferences. These experiments have provided insights into how individuals make decisions in social contexts.

The status quo bias is a cognitive bias that leads individuals to prefer to maintain the current state of affairs, choose options that are familiar to them, and choose options that are presented as the default. This bias can lead to inertia and resistance to change.

All of the above options are examples of behavioral economics interventions that have been used to promote healthy eating. These interventions have been shown to be effective in influencing consumers' food choices and improving their overall health.