Germany, under the leadership of Otto von Bismarck, introduced comprehensive social insurance programs, including healthcare, accident insurance, and old-age pensions, setting a precedent for modern welfare systems.

The term 'welfare state' gained prominence during the Great Depression, as governments sought to address widespread economic hardship through social welfare programs.

Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies, implemented during the Great Depression, included the establishment of Social Security, unemployment insurance, and various public works programs.

Lyndon B. Johnson's 'Great Society' programs, launched in the 1960s, included initiatives such as Medicare, Medicaid, and Head Start, significantly expanding the U.S. social welfare system.

Neoliberalism, a prominent economic and political ideology, advocates for minimal government intervention in the economy and social welfare, emphasizing individual responsibility and market forces.

Finland conducted a two-year experiment with UBI from 2017 to 2018, providing a monthly payment to 2,000 unemployed Finns. The experiment aimed to assess the impact of UBI on employment, well-being, and social equality.

The United Nations Development Program (UNDP) is a UN agency dedicated to promoting social welfare and sustainable development. It works with countries to implement programs that address poverty, inequality, and environmental challenges.

Sweden is renowned for its extensive social safety net, which includes universal healthcare, generous parental leave policies, unemployment benefits, and a range of social assistance programs.

Community Development approaches focus on empowering local communities to identify and address their own social problems through participatory processes and community-led initiatives.

The 'feminization of poverty' is influenced by multiple factors, including the gender pay gap, limited access to education and employment opportunities for women, and the burden of unpaid care work, which often falls disproportionately on women.

Social Investment approaches prioritize investments in early childhood development and education, recognizing their long-term benefits in terms of improved health, educational attainment, and economic productivity.

Addressing the 'digital divide' requires a multifaceted approach, including digital literacy programs, community technology centers, and policies aimed at expanding broadband access and affordability.

Transformative Social Policy approaches aim to tackle the underlying causes of social problems, such as poverty, inequality, and discrimination, through systemic changes and empowering marginalized groups.

Addressing the 'greying of the population' requires a comprehensive approach, including age-friendly communities, active aging policies, intergenerational programs, and healthcare and social services tailored to the needs of older adults.

Promoting social inclusion involves a combination of policies and programs aimed at reducing social isolation, fostering community engagement, and strengthening social cohesion among vulnerable groups.