The concept of intrinsic value in nature asserts that the natural world possesses inherent worth and value, regardless of its usefulness or significance to humans.

Naturalism, particularly deep ecology and biocentrism, emphasizes the intrinsic value of nature and the interconnectedness of all living beings.

A common argument against non-human rights is that these entities lack the capacity for moral agency, which is considered a prerequisite for possessing rights.

The Ecuadorian Constitution, adopted in 2008, is the first constitution in the world to explicitly recognize the rights of nature.

The principle of respect for autonomy, which emphasizes the importance of respecting the inherent value and autonomy of all beings, is often cited as the ethical basis for non-human rights.

Aldo Leopold, an American ecologist and conservationist, is widely recognized for his influential book 'A Sand County Almanac', which eloquently articulates the intrinsic value of nature.

Biocentrism is the ethical view that all living beings have inherent value and deserve moral consideration, regardless of their usefulness to humans.

The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), adopted in 1992, recognizes the intrinsic value of biodiversity and aims to conserve and sustainably use biological resources.

Anthropocentrism is the ethical view that only humans have inherent value and moral status, while other beings have value only in relation to human interests.

Rachel Carson, an American marine biologist and conservationist, famously argued for the intrinsic value of nature and the moral duty of humans to protect it in her book 'Silent Spring'.

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory that evaluates actions based on their consequences and seeks to maximize overall happiness or well-being. In the context of nature, utilitarianism often leads to an anthropocentric view, where the value of nature is determined by its usefulness to humans.

John Muir, a Scottish-American naturalist and conservationist, passionately advocated for the intrinsic value of nature and the need for humans to live in harmony with the natural world.

Ecocentrism is the ethical view that the value of nature is determined by its contribution to the overall health and functioning of the ecosystem, rather than its usefulness to humans.

Aldo Leopold, in his influential book 'A Sand County Almanac', argued that humans have a moral duty to protect the natural world for future generations, emphasizing the importance of conservation and sustainable practices.

Anthropocentrism, while often emphasizing the value of nature for human benefit, can also recognize the aesthetic, spiritual, or cultural significance of nature, assigning value based on human preferences and experiences.