Friedrich Nietzsche's theory of eternal recurrence posits that the universe will repeat itself infinitely, with every event occurring again and again in the same sequence.

Determinism is the philosophical view that all events are causally determined by prior events, meaning that the future is already fixed and cannot be changed.

J.M.E. McTaggart argued that time is an illusion because it is impossible to consistently define the concepts of past, present, and future.

Indeterminism is the philosophical view that some events are not causally determined by prior events, meaning that the future is open and unpredictable.

Immanuel Kant argued that the future is unknowable because it is beyond the limits of human experience and reason.

Constructivism is the philosophical view that the future is not fixed or determined, but rather is created by our actions and choices.

Jean-Paul Sartre argued that the future is a matter of choice because we are free to choose our own actions and create our own destiny.

The self-fulfilling prophecy is the idea that our expectations about the future can actually cause those expectations to come true.

Søren Kierkegaard argued that the future is a source of anxiety because it is uncertain and unpredictable.

Utopianism is the belief that a perfect society can be created in the future.

Viktor Frankl argued that the future is a source of meaning because it is where we can create our own values and goals.

Openness is the idea that the future is full of possibilities and opportunities.

Martin Heidegger argued that the future is a source of danger because it is uncertain and unpredictable.

Progressivism is the belief that the future will be better than the present.

Emmanuel Levinas argued that the future is a source of transcendence because it is where we can encounter the Other and experience the infinite.