Supreme Court

Court of Appeals

District Court

Administrative Law Judge

De novo review

Arbitrary and capricious review

Substantial evidence review

Clearly erroneous review

The agency's expertise in the subject matter

The consistency of the decision with the agency's own precedents

The clarity of the agency's communication

All of the above

To conduct a hearing and make a recommendation to the court

To review the agency's decision and issue a final decision

To provide expert testimony to the court

None of the above

The agency violated a statutory or constitutional provision

The agency's decision was arbitrary and capricious

The agency failed to follow its own procedures

All of the above

To ensure that agencies are acting within their authority

To protect the rights of individuals and organizations

To promote transparency and accountability in government

All of the above

The complexity of the issues involved

The deference that courts give to agencies

The limited resources available to courts

All of the above

By providing courts with more resources

By increasing the transparency of agency decision-making

By improving the quality of agency communication

All of the above

Judicial review will become more important as agencies continue to play a larger role in our lives

Judicial review will become less important as agencies become more transparent and accountable

Judicial review will remain the same

It is too early to tell

Chevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.

Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe

Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass'n of the United States, Inc. v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co.

All of the above

It has made it more difficult for courts to overturn agency decisions

It has made it easier for courts to overturn agency decisions

It has had no effect on judicial review of agency communication decisions

It is too early to tell

It is too deferential to agencies

It is too time-consuming and expensive

It is not effective in protecting the rights of individuals and organizations

All of the above

Eliminating judicial review of agency communication decisions

Limiting judicial review to certain types of agency decisions

Creating a specialized court to review agency communication decisions

All of the above

It is very likely

It is somewhat likely

It is unlikely

It is very unlikely