Tempo, or the speed of a melody, is a primary determinant of its emotional impact. Faster tempos tend to evoke feelings of excitement and energy, while slower tempos often create a sense of calm or sadness.

Musical Evocation refers to the psychological response to music that encompasses physiological changes, emotional arousal, and cognitive reactions. It involves the activation of neural pathways that link music to emotions and memories.

The Direct Emotional Response Theory suggests that music can directly influence emotions by activating specific neural pathways that link auditory stimuli to emotional responses. It posits that certain musical elements, such as tempo, pitch, and harmony, can trigger emotional reactions without the need for cognitive processing.

The Cognitive Appraisal Theory proposes that music influences emotions by evoking memories and associations. It suggests that music can trigger emotional responses by reminding us of past experiences or by activating schemas and scripts related to specific emotions.

Major keys are typically associated with feelings of happiness and joy due to their bright and uplifting sound. The use of major chords and scales creates a sense of optimism and cheerfulness.

Musical Catharsis refers to the phenomenon where music can elicit strong emotional responses, even in individuals who are not musically trained. It involves the release of pent-up emotions and the experience of emotional relief through listening to or performing music.

Minor keys are typically associated with feelings of sadness and melancholy due to their darker and more somber sound. The use of minor chords and scales creates a sense of longing and sorrow.

The Physiological Arousal Theory proposes that music influences emotions by triggering physiological changes, such as increased heart rate, respiration, and muscle tension. It suggests that these physiological responses can lead to emotional arousal and the experience of specific emotions.

Musical Evocation refers to the phenomenon where music can evoke memories and associations that are personally meaningful to the listener. It involves the activation of neural pathways that link music to autobiographical memories and emotional experiences.

Fast tempos are typically associated with feelings of excitement and energy due to their stimulating and invigorating effect. The increased pace of the music can create a sense of urgency and anticipation.

Musical Catharsis refers to the phenomenon where music can reduce stress and anxiety by providing an outlet for emotional expression and release. It involves the experience of emotional relief and a sense of catharsis through listening to or performing music.

Slow tempos are typically associated with feelings of calmness and relaxation due to their soothing and sedative effect. The slower pace of the music can create a sense of tranquility and peace.

The Associative Learning Theory proposes that music influences emotions by evoking memories and associations that have been previously linked to specific musical stimuli. It suggests that repeated exposure to certain types of music can create associations between those sounds and particular emotional states.

Musical Empathy refers to the phenomenon where music can facilitate emotional bonding and empathy between individuals. It involves the ability to understand and share the emotional experiences of others through music.

Minor keys are typically associated with feelings of nostalgia and longing due to their bittersweet and melancholic sound. The use of minor chords and scales can create a sense of yearning and reflection.