Article 124 of the Indian Constitution establishes the Supreme Court of India as the highest court in the country.

The primary function of the Supreme Court of India is to interpret the Constitution and ensure that laws and government actions comply with its provisions.

The Doctrine of Judicial Review empowers the Supreme Court of India to examine the constitutionality of laws and executive actions and declare them void if they violate fundamental rights or constitutional provisions.

Locus standi refers to the legal standing of a party to bring a case to court and challenge a law or action. It determines whether a person or organization has a sufficient interest in the matter to be heard by the court.

Article 14 of the Indian Constitution guarantees the right to equality before the law and equal protection of the laws, prohibiting discrimination based on religion, race, caste, sex, or place of birth.

The principle of separation of powers aims to prevent the concentration of power in one branch of government by dividing the powers among the legislature, executive, and judiciary, ensuring checks and balances.

In the landmark case of Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala, the Supreme Court of India established the basic structure doctrine, which holds that certain fundamental features of the Constitution cannot be amended by Parliament.

The judiciary plays a crucial role in protecting fundamental rights by interpreting and enforcing them, reviewing the validity of laws that violate these rights, and providing remedies for their violations.

Article 32 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to issue writs, including habeas corpus, mandamus, prohibition, certiorari, and quo warranto, for the enforcement of fundamental rights.

The judiciary plays a crucial role in resolving disputes between the central government and state governments by interpreting the Constitution and determining the respective powers and responsibilities of each.

Article 121 of the Indian Constitution establishes the independence of the judiciary by securing the tenure of judges and protecting them from removal except through a rigorous impeachment process.

Judicial independence is crucial in the Indian polity as it ensures impartial and fair adjudication, prevents political interference in the judicial process, promotes public trust and confidence in the judiciary, and facilitates the smooth functioning of the government.

Article 20 of the Indian Constitution prohibits the executive from interfering with the judicial process by protecting citizens from being prosecuted and punished for the same offense twice.

The judiciary plays a crucial role in upholding the rule of law in India by interpreting and enforcing the law, ensuring equal protection under the law, protecting the rights of citizens, and promoting justice and fairness in society.

Article 13 of the Indian Constitution empowers the Supreme Court to review the validity of laws passed by Parliament and state legislatures and declare them void if they violate fundamental rights or are inconsistent with the Constitution.